|
Women's Colleges in the United States are single-sex U.S. institutions of higher education that only admit female students. They are often liberal arts colleges. There are approximately forty-three active women's colleges in the U.S. ==Origins and Types== :''See also'': ''Timeline of historically black women's colleges'' Education for girls and women was originally provided within the family, by local dame schools and public elementary schools, and at female seminaries found in every colony, but limited to young ladies from families with the means to pay tuition and, arguably, still more limited by the focus on providing ladylike accomplishments rather than academic training. These seminaries or academies were usually small and often ephemeral, usually established founded by a single woman or small group of women, they often failed to outlive their founders. In evaluating the many claims of various colleges to have been the "first" women's college, it is necessary to understand that a number of these eighteenth or early 19th century female seminaries later grew into academic, degree-granting colleges, while others became notable private high schools. However, to have been a female seminary at an early date is not the same thing as to have been a women's college at that date. Institutions of higher education for women, however, were primarily founded during the early 19th century, many as teaching seminaries. As noted by the Women's College Coalition: :The formal education of girls and women began in the middle of the 19th century and was intimately tied to the conception that society had of the appropriate role for women to assume in life. Republican education prepared girls for their future role as wives and mothers and taught religion, singing, dancing, literature, etcetera. Academic education prepared girls for their role as community leaders and social benefactors and had some elements of the education offered boys. Seminaries educated women for the only socially acceptable occupation: teaching. Only unmarried women could be teachers. Many early women's colleges began as female seminaries and were responsible for producing an important corps of educators.〔(The Rise of Women's Colleges, Coeducation )〕 Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra further note that, "women's colleges were founded during the mid- and late-19th century in response to a need for advanced education for women at a time when they were not admitted to most institutions of higher education." Early proponents of education for women were Sarah Pierce (Litchfield Female Academy, 1792); Catharine Beecher (Hartford Female Seminary, 1823); Zilpah P. Grant Banister (Ipswich Female Seminary, 1828); and Mary Lyon. Lyon was involved in the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary. She was also involved in the creation of ''Wheaton Female Seminary'' (now Wheaton College, Massachusetts) in 1834; it was re-chartered as a college in 1912. In 1837, Lyon founded ''Mount Holyoke Female Seminary'' (Mount Holyoke College), it was chartered as a college in 1888. Harwarth, Maline, and DeBra note that, "Mount Holyoke’s significance is that it became a model for a multitude of other women’s colleges throughout the country.". Both Vassar College and Wellesley College were patterned after Mount Holyoke.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Seven Sisters and a Country Cousin )〕 Wesleyan College was the first college chartered for women, receiving its charter in 1836. Mount Holyoke College was the first of the Seven Sisters to be chartered as a college in 1837. In 1840, the first Catholic women's college Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College was founded by Saint Mother Theodore Guerin of the Sisters of Providence in Indiana as an academy, later becoming the college, which remains the oldest Roman Catholic women's college in the United States today. Some early women's colleges, such as Oread Institute chartered as a college for women in Worcester, Massachusetts 1849, and the Baltimore Female College, also founded 1849 at St. Paul Street and East Saratoga Street in downtown Baltimore, later relocating to Park Avenue/Park Place and Wilson Street in the Bolton Hill neighborhood under its longtime president Dr. Nathan C. Brooks, (1809-1898), a noted classics scholar (until closing in the late 1880s), however failed to survive. Another early women's school was the Moravian College, founded as a female seminary in 1742 in Germantown and later moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania it was originally called the ''Bethlehem Female Seminary''. It began to grant undergraduate degrees in 1863 and became the ''Moravian Seminary and College for Women'' in 1913. In 1954, it combined with the boys school, ''Moravian College and Theological Seminary'' and became coeducational.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Looking for something? )〕 The Moravians of Salem, North Carolina began what is now Salem College in 1772 in Winston-Salem. While there were a few coeducational colleges (such as Oberlin College founded in 1833, Guilford College, in 1837, Lawrence University in 1847, Antioch College in 1853, and Bates College in 1855), almost all colleges and universities at that time were exclusively for men. The first generally accepted coordinate college, H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College, (with Tulane University), was founded in 1886, and followed a year later by Evelyn College for Women, the coordinate college for Princeton University. The model was quickly duplicated at other prestigious universities. Notable 19th century coordinate colleges included Barnard (with Columbia University), Pembroke (with Brown University), and Radcliffe College (with Harvard University). Twentieth century examples include William Smith College (coordinate with Hobart College) and Kirkland College associated with Hamilton College. (The latter no longer exists as a stand alone institution.) While the majority of women's colleges are private institutions, there were a few public colleges. In 1884 the legislature of the state of Mississippi established Industrial Institute & College, (later Mississippi University for Women) the first public college for women in the United States. Other states soon followed: Georgia created Georgia State College for Women in 1889, North Carolina created North Carolina Women's College in 1891, and Florida converted its coeducational Florida State College to a women-only school in 1905. This is similar to the establishment of Douglass Residential College (Rutgers University), which was founded as the ''New Jersey College for Women in 1918'' by Mabel Smith Douglass. Additional types of women's colleges include the Seven Sister colleges in the Northern United States, historically black female educational institutions, small Catholic women’s colleges in the United States (SCWCs), and women's colleges in the Southern United States. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Women's colleges in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|